Entre mujeres-locas y hombres-psiquiatras: asimetrías emocionales en la sala 20 del Manicomio Provincial de Málaga (1909-1950) / Between female psychiatric patients and male psychiatrists: emotional asymmetries in room 20 of the provincial institute of malaga (1909-1950)

El tipo de relación que se desarrollaba entre un psiquiatra (hombre) y una paciente (mujer) durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, en un psiquiátrico de la periferia como el Manicomio Provincial de Málaga, estuvo marcado por el proceso legitimador de la especialidad, los esfuerzos por encontrar datos positivos en la medicina mental, así como elementos relacionados con la construcción generizada de la locura. Tras la Guerra Civil, veremos el desarrollo de los actos diagnósticos y la aplicación de las terapias de choque en la institución, y como se fue haciendo aún más profunda la brecha relacional entre psiquiatras y “locas”. El objetivo de este trabajo es abordar qué elementos estuvieron presentes en la construcción de las subjetividades de las mujeres-locas de la sala 20, qué regímenes emocionales influyeron en estas relaciones y mostrar, por último, cómo la tecnificación de la terapéutica durante los años 40 dio lugar a la perpetuación y amplificación de una asimetría emocional entre psiquiatras y “mujeres-locas” de la sala 20, circunstancia en la que las mujeres mostraron también sus estrategias de resistencia.(AU)

The type of relationship that was developed between a psychiatrist (male) and a patient (female) during the first half of the 20th century in a psychiatric hospital on the outskirts such as the Provincial Asylum of Malaga, sustained many peculiarities related to the legitimizing process of the specialty, the efforts to find positive data in mental medicine, as well as elements related to the gendered construction of madness. After the Civil War, National Catholicism permeated the diagnostic acts and the application of shock therapies in the institution, deepening the gap between psychiatrists and mad women. The objective of this work is to highlight what elements were present in the construction of the subjectivities of the mad women in room 20, what emotional regimes influenced these relationships and to show, finally, how the technification of therapeutics during the 40s gave rise to the perpetuation and amplification of an emotional asymmetry between psychiatrists and mad women in room 20, a circumstance in which the women also developed their strategies of resistance.(AU)

The impact of historical loss on Native American college students' mental health: The protective role of ethnic identity.

Culturally relevant stressors and protective factors are vital to understanding and effectively supporting Native American/Alaska Native (NA/AN) college students' mental health and well-being. This study examined the theorized pathways among historical loss, well-being, psychological distress, and the proposed cultural buffer of ethnic identity in the indigenist stress-coping model (ISCM). Cross-sectional data were collected via online survey and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Participants were a national sample of 242 NA/AN college students. Participants were predominantly women (n = 185; 76%) and median age was 21 years. Partial support was found for the ISCM. Participants reported frequent thoughts of historical loss, which were associated with lower well-being and higher levels of psychological distress. Ethnic identity moderated the relationship between historical loss and well-being such that those with stronger ethnic identities reported a weaker relationship between historical loss and lower well-being. Results underscore the importance of culturally specific risk and protective factors in NA/AN college students' resiliency and inform needed interventions and systemic change in higher education. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Colônia Juliano Moreira

Matéria especial feita pelo repórter Samuel Wainer e o repórter cinematográfico Johnson Gouvêa para o programa Fantástico, da Rede Globo de Televisão, sobre a Colônia Juliano Moreira, em 1980. Eles percorreram toda a colônia durante cinco dias, registrando imagens que denunciavam a condição degradante em que os pacientes se encontravam – falta de médicos, maus tratos, instalações precárias, entre outros.

Colônia Juliano Moreira - 80 anos

Vídeo sobre a história da Colônia Juliano Moreira desde sua criação, em 1924, até 2004, abordando as transformações em relação aos conceitos psiquiátricos, aos tratamento dos pacientes e às políticas de saúde pelas quais instituição passou.

Historia de las políticas de salud mental en Brasil: implicaciones para la identidad profesional de la enfermera / History of mental health policies in Brazil: implications for the nurse's professional identity

Los cambios ocurridos a lo largo de la historia en el campo de la Enfermería en Salud Mental están directamente ligados a las reformulaciones en los campos político-ideológico y social de cada época, que redundan en la reconfiguración continua de sus procesos de trabajo. Del período del asilo al movimiento de Lucha Anti-Asilo, pasando por el momento actual reconocido como movimiento de contrarreforma psiquiátrica, el trabajo de las enfermeras ha sido llamado a reformularse constantemente, en un campo conflictivo de disputas entre modelos antagónicos de salud mental [Fragmento de texto] (AU)

El enfermo mental en el Hospital de Nuestra Señora de Gracia en el siglo XV / Os doentes mentais no Hospital de Nuestra Señora de Gracia no século XV / The mentally ill in the Hospital de Nuestra Señora de Gracia in the fifteenth century

Objetivos: describir la fundación, organización y funcionamiento del Hospital de NuestraSeñora de Gracia de Zaragoza en el siglo XV, y su relevancia histórica en la atención del enfermomental desde un planteamiento interdisciplinar. Método: se buscaron artículos científicos y otrosdocumentos en varias bases de datos. Tras el análisis y filtrado de los resultados, se consultaronlas referencias bibliográficas de los documentos seleccionados.Resultados: el hospital se fundóen 1425 y la atención sanitaria era universal. Era asimétrico e irregular, debido a la adaptación delos edificios ya existentes, con numerosas estancias. Las Ordenaciones de 1496 describen el roldel “enfermero mayor” y la “mujer enfermera”. No hay registro de que se realizase terapiaocupacional en el siglo XV en la institución. Conclusiones: el edificio no sigue el diseñoarquitectónico predominante de aquella época, ni segrega al demente del resto de pacientes. Seconsideraba fundamental la atención alimentaria e higiene de todos los pacientes para surecuperación. A pesar de no haber registro de cuidados psiquiátricos específicos, es razonable pensar que los dementes realizaran labores de mantenimiento y agricultura en el hospital duranteel siglo XV, aunque con fines productivos más que terapéuticos.(AU)

Objectivos: descrever a fundação, organização e funcionamento do Hospital de NuestraSeñora de Gracia em Saragoça no século XV e a sua relevância histórica no cuidado dos doentesmentais a partir de uma abordagem interdisciplinar. Método: artigos e outros documentosrelacionados foram pesquisados em várias bases de dados. Após análise e filtragem, foramconsultadas as referências bibliográficas dos documentos selecionados. Resultados: o hospital foifundado em 1425 e os cuidados de saúde eram universais. Era assimétrico e irregular, devido àadaptação dos edifícios existentes, com inúmeras divisões. As Ordenações de 1496 descrevem opapel do “enfermero mayor” e da “mujer enfermera”. Não há registro de terapia ocupacionalrealizada no século 15 na instituição. Conclusões: o edifício não segue o projeto arquitetônicopredominante da época, nem separa os loucos do resto dos pacientes. Os cuidados alimentares ede higiene de todos os pacientes foram considerados essenciais para a sua recuperação. Apesar daausência de registro de atendimento psiquiátrico específico, é razoável pensar que os loucosrealizavam manutenção e agricultura no hospital durante o século XV, embora com finsprodutivos e não terapêuticos.(AU)

Objectives: to describe the foundation, organization and operation of the Hospital deNuestra Señora de Gracia in Zaragoza in the 15th century and its historical relevance in the careof the mentally ill from an interdisciplinary approach.Method: scientific articles and otherdocuments were searched in various databases. After analyzing and filtering the results, thebibliographic references of the selected documents were consulted.Results: the hospital it wasfounded in 1425 and all were treated healthily. It was asymmetrical and irregular, due to theadaptation of the existing buildings, with numerous rooms. The Ordinations of 1496 describe therole of the “enfermero mayor” and the “mujer enfermera”. There is no record of occupationaltherapy being performed in the 15th century at the institution.Conclusions: the building does notfollow the predominant architectural design of that time, nor does it segregate the mental patientsfrom the rest of the people. Feeding and hygiene care was considered essential for the recoveryof all patients. Despite the absence of a record of specific psychiatric care, it is reasonable to thinkthat the insane made different tasks in the hospital during the 15th century, although forproductive rather than therapeutic purposes.(AU)

Ley 21331: nuevos desafíos de la Ley del reconocimiento y protección de los derechos de las personas en la atención de salud mental / Law 21331: new challenges of the law of recognition and protection of people's rights in mental health care

Since the dawn of the Republic, the question regarding the diagnosis, management and treatment of mental illnesses has been an unresolved issue to this day. Since before the time of the colony, at the time of the conquest, mental illnesses abounded, both in the Mapuche population - autochthonous indigenous - and in the Spanish. The presence in the river basins of heavy metals and minerals toxic for human consumption, as was originally the Mapocho River, whose waters were not drinkable and were only used for crops adopted from the Inca culture, were consumed by the population of the Spanish conquerors, who manifested various types of mental disorders, either due to the consumption of polluted water and the neurological damage that it caused them, the high levels of stress due to the same occupation and the isolation in which they found themselves and the diseases venereal that they carried, which they progressively transmitted to the aboriginal population. (1) On the other hand, the Mapuche population had magical-ritual treatments and methods to treat these and other diseases based on herbalism, phytotherapy and rituals (2) for the evil of melancholy (depression), anxiety disorders, panic attacks and schizophrenia. (3) Centuries later, when medicine and hard science are presented in society giving way to the scientific method, key people make their appearance within mental health studies, who made their way into the national and world panorama, and who, despite the dark past and the tortuous evolution of this branch of medicine, stand out figures who were pioneers and who gave rise to a reality that today continues in constant development and debate. Today mental health is an issue on the table, and Law 21331, promulgated on April 23, 2021 (4) is a response to changes in the perception that society currently has of the concept of disease, which is contrasted to the thinking and management that existed for years, decades and centuries ago around mental health

Desde los albores de la República, la cuestión referente al diagnóstico, manejo y tratamiento de las enfermedades mentales ha sido un tema sin resolver hasta nuestros días. Desde antes del tiempo de la colonia, en la época de la conquista, las enfermedades mentales abundaban, tanto en la población mapuche -indígena autóctona- como en la española. La presencia en las cuencas fluviales de metales pesados y minerales tóxicos para el consumo humano, como fue en su origen el río Mapocho, cuyas aguas no eran bebestibles y solo se utilizaban para los cultivos adoptados de la cultura inca, fueron consumidas por la población de los conquistadores españoles, los cuales manifestaron diversos tipos de trastornos mentales, ya fuese por el consumo de aguas contaminadas y el daño neurológico que les provocaba, los altos niveles de estrés debido a la misma ocupación y al aislamiento en el que se encontraban y las enfermedades venéreas que portaban, las cuales transmitieron progresivamente a la población aborigen. (1) Por otra parte, la población mapuche tenía tratamientos y métodos mágico-rituales para tratar estas y otras enfermedades basados en la herbolaria, la fitoterapia y los rituales (2) para el mal de la melancolía (depresión), trastornos ansiosos, crisis de pánico y la esquizofrenia.(3) Siglos más tarde, cuando la medicina y la ciencia dura se presentan en sociedad dando paso al método científico, hacen su aparición personas clave dentro de los estudios en salud mental, quienes se abrieron camino dentro del panorama nacional y mundial, y que, pese al pasado oscuro y a la evolución tortuosa de esta rama de la medicina, se destacan figuras que fueron pioneras y que dieron pie a una realidad que hoy en día continúa en constante desarrollo y debate. Hoy la salud mental es un tema sobre la mesa, y la Ley 21331, promulgada el 23 de abril del año 2021 (4) es una respuesta a los cambios en la percepción que la sociedad actualmente tiene frente al concepto de enfermedad, que se contrasta al pensamiento y manejo que durante años, décadas y siglos atrás existió en torno a la salud mental

Vertex, Revista Argentina de Psiquiatría a través de su editor y sus editoriales: los años de formación y el exilio / Vertex Journal through its editor and its editorials: the formative years and the exil

Vertex, Revista Argentina de Psiquiatría es una de las pocas publicaciones de la especialidad editadas en español que está incluida en PubMed. Durante los 30 años de existencia (1990 hasta el presente) ha sido dirigida por el Dr. Juan Carlos Stagnaro, quien es el autor exclusivo de los editoriales. Mediante el análisis de sus palabras clave y de extensas entrevistas semiestructuradas, este trabajo indaga sobre aspectos biográficos del joven Stagnaro para comprender la génesis de la revista, su impronta científico-política y las líneas editoriales que abordó. Se trabajó sobre los años de formación en la Argentina, el exilio en Francia durante la última dictadura militar y aspectos formativos en psiquiatría que le permitieron, al regreso a la Argentina, fundar la revista. (AU)

Vertex, Revista Argentina de Psiquiatría is one of the few journal of this specialty published in Spanish that is included in PubMed. During its 30 years of existence (1990 to present) it has been directed by Dr. Juan Carlos Stagnaro, who is the exclusive author of the editorials. Through the analysis of their keywords and extensive semi-structured interviews, this work investigates the biographical aspects of the young Stagnaro in order to understand the genesis of the journal, its scientific-political imprint and the editorial linesit addressed. The work describes the formative years in Argentina, the exile in France during the last military dictatorship and formative aspects in psychiatry that allowed him, upon his return to Argentina, to create the journal. (AU)

Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy: Emerging Treatments in Mental Health Disorders

Psychedelics are a class of psychoactive substances that were studied extensively between 1943 and 1970 as potential therapies for treating a host of mental health disorders, including addiction. Despite promising early results, U.S. psychedelic research was halted in the early 1970s with the enactment of the Controlled Substances Act. As the field of psychedelic-assisted therapy develops, nurses can decide the role they will play in the continuing clinical and scholarly research of these substances, which may soon be used in controlled settings to treat some of the most widespread mental health disorders. To prepare for this task, this article proposes that nurses * become familiar with the history, relevant language, and scientific findings related to the field of psychedelic research. * learn about existing psychedelic-assisted therapy and research resources. * examine their thoughts, judgments, and opinions about therapeutic psychedelic use. * consider the potential role of nursing in psychedelic-assisted therapies going forward.

Integrated Behavioral Health Care: Reflections of the Past.

Humans have long sought to be provided with optimal health care, and the research continues in the twenty-first century. In the spirit of Galen from 19 centuries ago, empowering the patient's physician remains an important approach in health care. There is an emphasis on primary care and integration of behavioral consultation services in primary care. It remains a work in progress with help from the past and realistic hope for the future.

Associations between green/blue spaces and mental health across 18 countries.

Living near, recreating in, and feeling psychologically connected to, the natural world are all associated with better mental health, but many exposure-related questions remain. Using data from an 18-country survey (n = 16,307) we explored associations between multiple measures of mental health (positive well-being, mental distress, depression/anxiety medication use) and: (a) exposures (residential/recreational visits) to different natural settings (green/inland-blue/coastal-blue spaces); and (b) nature connectedness, across season and country. People who lived in greener/coastal neighbourhoods reported higher positive well-being, but this association largely disappeared when recreational visits were controlled for. Frequency of recreational visits to green, inland-blue, and coastal-blue spaces in the last 4 weeks were all positively associated with positive well-being and negatively associated with mental distress. Associations with green space visits were relatively consistent across seasons and countries but associations with blue space visits showed greater heterogeneity. Nature connectedness was also positively associated with positive well-being and negatively associated with mental distress and was, along with green space visits, associated with a lower likelihood of using medication for depression. By contrast inland-blue space visits were associated with a greater likelihood of using anxiety medication. Results highlight the benefits of multi-exposure, multi-response, multi-country studies in exploring complexity in nature-health associations.

A historical perspective on mental health: Proposal for a dialogue between history and psychology.

This contribution aims to promote a dialogue between history and psychology by outlining a direction for future research at the intersection of these disciplines. In particular, it seeks to demonstrate the potential contributions of history to psychology by employing the category of mental health in a historical context. The analysis focuses on notions of psychological health that were developed in late antiquity, especially the equation between "health of the soul" and dispassion (apatheia) within the Christian monastic movement. This theologically informed notion of what constitutes positive human functioning and well-being is examined in view of modern attempts, in mainstream and positive psychology, to define mental health. The optimism concerning the naturalness of virtue and the malleability of human nature that underlies late antique notions of "health of the soul" becomes noticeable in its absence once we turn to modern notions of mental health. It thus provides an illuminating counter-example against which to compare and analyze modern attempts to define mental health. A comparison of these alternative notions human flourishing offers an opportunity to reflect on and test the validity of contemporary attempts to define this condition in a culturally sensitive manner. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Mental well-being in ancient Greece: Comment on Graiver (2021).

In her thought-provoking article, Graiver (see record 2021-21903-001) argues that many early Christian monks achieved sustained psychological health, perceived as joyful serenity by their contemporaries, and admired within their milieu and the society at large. This state was attained by means of dispassion (apatheia) and culminated in spiritual enlightenment. In the author's opinion, conclusions of this historical research call for a reassessment of modern attitudes to psychological health that can be construed only "in a culturally sensitive manner" (p. 1). In my opinion, limitation of the evidence on mental health in Ancient Greece to medical authors only is hardly justified. The word psuchê is virtually ignored by Greek medical authors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Moral psychopathology and mental health: Modern and ancient.

Following three turning points in the historical development of psychology this study examines how the relation between mental health and the state of illness is linked to the concept of "passions." The first was the birth of modern psychiatry in 18th century France. The second was the development of the field of inquiry in antiquity about the psuche and its mental activities, and the third was the turn of early Christian thought about mind and soul. A comparison between early modern and ancient concepts of "the passions" reveals the moral and ethical aspects of the concept "mental health," and shows that more than for any other kind of illness, the history of mental illness and mental health is embedded within a moralistic philosophical perspective. Pathology as a field of study of "the passions," whatever their definition was, enabled thinkers to refer to mental illness and health in moral terms. Although "passions" meant different things to different authors in different times, it was used by all as means to link between inner mental activities and the way the body react to the outside world. We can see it as an obligatory element to conceptualize illness, disorder, and health in regards to mental activities. Pagan ancient authors as well as early Christian authors used it to construct new theories and praxes about mental health, while early modern psychiatrists used it to develop corporeal methods of cure. In all currents of thought the concept of "passions" and the definition of the ways in which they affected the mind were used to distinguish mental illness and mental health from any other type of illness and health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

EU mental health governance and citizen participation: a global governmentality perspective.

Over the last three decades, a system of European Union mental health governance (EUMHG) emerged, via instruments including strategies for action, joint actions, pacts and high-level expert groups. It sponsored multiple projects, initiatives and research, and involved state, non-state and European institutional actors. This paper attempts to understand how EUMHG operated and the structure of political relations within it, attending especially to opportunities for citizen participation. It adopts a global governmentality approach that focuses on practices and discourses. It finds that EUMHG practices including benchmarks, best practices and risk-thinking reinforced larger EU policy goals of market-optimisation, and that the central discourses of de-institutionalisation (DI) and community mental health (CMH) shifted meaning over time, first apprehending mental health as a public-health goal, then targeting mental ill-health as a burden to states. Finally, it finds that non-governmental organisations' (NGOs) work within EUMHG rendered them both objects and subjects of government. Through these dynamics, citizens usually were positioned outside governance, and NGO identities were altered, though CMH's transformative potential remained. Citizen participation in EUMHG was heavily conditioned. NGO and citizen power will need vigilant protection in any future EUMHG.

How did mental health become so biomedical? The progressive erosion of social determinants in historical psychiatric admission registers.

This paper explores the historical developments of admission registers of psychiatric asylums and hospitals in England and Wales between 1845 and 1950, with illustrative examples (principally from the archives of the Rainhill Asylum, UK). Standardized admission registers have been mandatory elements of the mental health legislative framework since 1845, and procedural changes illustrate the development from what, today, we would characterize as a predominantly psychosocial understanding of mental health problems towards primarily biomedical explanations. Over time, emphasis shifts from the social determinants of admission to an asylum to the diagnosis of an illness requiring treatment in hospital. We discuss the implications of this progressive historical diminution of the social determinants of mental health for current debates in mental health care.

Perspectivas y luchas antirracistas en el Movimiento Loco y los Estudios Locos: una revisión / Anti-racist Perspectives and Struggles in the Mad Movement and Mad Studies: a Review

El objetivo de este estudio es describir, a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, tres líneas temá-ticas desde perspectivas descoloniales sobre algunos debates entre el movimiento locoy los movimientos antirracistas. La primera línea aborda de manera crítica la reproducción del ra-cismo en la definición histórica y hegemónica de la “salud mental” y la “enfermedad mental”. La segunda línea analiza la invisibilización de lógicas racistas y colonial/modernas dentro del propio movimiento loco, en los procesos de construcción de identidades y sujetos de referen-cia. La tercera presenta debates sobre el uso del término “descolonización” dentro del mismo movimiento. La conclusión del análisis es que, debido a la distancia histórica que ha marcado la articulación entre ambos movimientos, es necesario repensar las posibilidades, identidades y marcos teóricos de resistencias comunes. (AU)

The objective of this study is to describe, based on a bibliographic review, three thematic lines with decolonial perspectives about some debates between the mad movement and anti-racist movements. The first line critically addresses the reproduction of racism in the histori-cal and hegemonic definition of “mental health” and “mental illness”. The second line analyz-es the invisibility of racist and colonialist logics within the Mad movement itself, in the pro-cesses of construction of identities and subjects. The third presents debates on the use of the term “decolonization” within the same movement. The conclusion of the analysis is that, due to the historical distance that has marked the articulation between both movements, it is necessary to rethink the possibilities, identities and theoretical frameworks of common resistance. (AU)

[Inventing the standard: psychology in the Brazilian Mental Hygiene League]. / A invenção da norma: a psicologia na Liga Brasileira de Higiene Mental.

The article analyzes psychology within the Brazilian Mental Hygiene League, an institution founded in 1923 for the adaptation of individuals and to shape the "universal morals of tomorrow." Among other purposes, the league worked to adapt psychological tests and studies on child development in an attempt to assess mental function and establish standards. As an element that helped broaden the power of psychiatry, psychology was involved in two dimensions of disciplinary power: individual bodies and the social body. In this way, psychology also encountered the possibility that it could be vulgarized, as well as contradictions arising from the position of knowledge and techniques in this area.

O artigo analisa a psicologia na Liga Brasileira de Higiene Mental, instituição fundada em 1923 que tinha como princípios fundamentais a adaptação dos indivíduos e a constituição da "moral universal do amanhã". Entre outras proposições, ela se dedicou à adaptação de testes psicológicos e aos estudos sobre o desenvolvimento infantil que buscavam avaliar o funcionamento mental e delimitar sua norma. Como elemento que colaborou para a extensão do poder psiquiátrico, a psicologia implicou-se em duas dimensões da atuação do poder disciplinar: os corpos individuais e o corpo social. Assim, a psicologia também encontrou a possibilidade de sua vulgarização, não sem as contradições emergentes na posição de saber e técnica disciplinar.